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This article is about the island in the Arctic. For the Norwegian Coast Guard vessel commissioned in 2002, see NoCGV Svalbard. {{Infobox Country|native_name = Svalbard|conventional_long_name = Svalbard|common_name = Svalbard|image_flag = Flag of Norway.svg|image_coat = Coat of arms of Norway.svg|image_map = LocationSvalbard.png|official_languages = Norwegian language|capital = Longyearbyen|leader_title1 = [Governor of Svalbard|leader_name1 = Per Sefland|currency_code = NOK|time_zone = [Central European Time (Coordinated Universal Time+1) (Central European Summer Time (Coordinated Universal Time+2))|cctld = .no (.sj allocated but not used .bv and .sj domains are not in use, Norid)] lying in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole. It consists of a island groups ranging from 76degree (angle) to 81° North, and 10° to 35° East. The archipelago is the northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway. Three islands are populated: Spitsbergen, Bjørnøya and Hopen. The largest settlement is Longyearbyen. The Svalbard Treaty recognises Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard. With the 1925 Svalbard Act, Norway chose to make Svalbard a part of the Kingdom, and it remains one of four List of special entities recognized by international treaty or agreement in the world today.

History Vikings and/or Russians may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century. Traditional Norse accounts exist of a land known as Svalbarð - literally "cold edge". (But this land might also have been Jan Mayen, or a part of eastern Greenland.) The Netherlands Willem Barents made the first indisputable discovery of Svalbard in 1596. The islands served as an international whaling base in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the Bowhead Whale was extirpated from this region. From 1611 to 1720 whaling took place off the western coast of Spitsbergen, by Danish, Dutch, British, French and Norwegian ships. It is estimated that the Dutch alone took 60,000 whales from their base Smeerenburg. They also provided the headquarters for many Arctic exploration expeditions.

At the beginning of the 20th century, American, British, Swedish, Russian and Norwegian companies started coal mining. Norway's sovereignty was recognized by the Svalbard Treaty of 1920 with an addition that there would be limited military use of Svalbard and that the other nations retained the rights to their settlements; five years later Norway officially took over the territory. Some historians claim that Norway was given sovereignty as compensation for its Merchant Fleet losses during World War I, when the Norwegian Merchant fleet played an important role supplying the UK. Only Norwegian and Russian settlements survived World War II.

From the late 1940s to the early 1980s the geology of the Svalbard archipelago was investigated by teams from University of Cambridge and other universities (e.g., Oxford University), led by Cambridge geologist W. Brian Harland. Many of the geographical features of the isles are named after the participants in these expeditions, or were given names by them linked to places in Cambridge (see Norwegian Polar Institute).

The largest island in the archipelago is called Spitsbergen (Dutch language for "Jagged mountains"); this name was formerly used to refer to the entire archipelago, while the main island was called West Spitsbergen.

Politics Svalbard is completely controlled by the Kingdom of Norway and is part of it. The Svalbard Treaty recognizes Norway sovereignty over Svalbard. However Norway's power over Svalbard has some limitations in taxation, environmental conservation, non-discrimination and certain military activity.

Svalbard was made a part of Norway by a Norwegian act in 1925, thus Svalbard is not a Norwegian dependency. However, under the terms of the treaty, citizens of signatory states have rights to exploit mineral deposits and other natural resources "on a footing of absolute equality". As a result, a permanent Russian settlement, more or less autonomous, grew up at Barentsburg. Another Russian settlement at Pyramiden was abandoned in 2000.

According to Per Sefland, Norway's governor on the archipelago, the Svalbard Treaty of February 9, 1920 implies that "If you're able to find a job, you have the right according to the treaty to come here." Svalbard Treaty of February 9, 1920 The treaty states: "The nationals of all the high contracting parties shall have equal liberty of access and entry for any reason or object whatever to the waters, fjords and ports of the territories." Therefore, some immigrants who have been denied residence in EU countries have relocated to Svalbard.

Seed bank By the year 2007 the Norwegian government is planning on building a "doomsday" seed bank in which as many species' seeds as possible will be stored. The Norwegian government will be building this bank by hollowing out a 120-meter tunnel on Spitsbergen cut into rock with a natural temperature of - 6 degreesCelsius, refrigerating it to - 18 degrees Celsius, and then storing seeds donated by the 1,400 crop repositories maintained by countries around the world. The proposed bank will have top security blast-proof doors and would have two airlocks. The number of seeds stored will depend on the number of countries participating in the project, with the first seeds arriving in 2008. The initiative of this project is to prevent needed plants (wild, agricultural, etc.) from going extinct due to a global catastrophe such as global warming (the tunnel is 130 meters above sea-level) or nuclear war."Norway Reveals Design of Doomsday' Seed Vault"; Nature; Volume 445; 15 February 2007 BBC News Work starts on Arctic seed vault, CNN

Geography and nature Svalbard consists of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean ranging from 76° to 81° North and 10° to 35° East, and forms the northern-most part of Norway and the Extreme points of Europe. The islands cover an area of 61,022 square kilometre, of which about 60% (36,502 km²) is covered by glacier. Web publication of Statistics Norway, the official body for such data in Norway. Units provided are metric only; no unit conversions provided here.] The percentage of Svalbard covered by glaciation varies by year; 59.8% is reported for 2005. Three large islands dominate: Spitsbergen (37,673 km² or 14,550 square miles), Nordaustlandet, (Northeast Land), (14,443 km² or 5576 square miles) and Edgeøya (Edge Island) (5074 km²or 1959 square miles)Areas used differ slightly from those published by Areas are provided in both Metric and English units. There is also the smaller Barentsøya (1,288 km²), Kvitøya (682 km²), Prins Karls Forland (English: Prince Charles Foreland) (615 km²), Kongsøya (191 km²), Bjørnøya (English: Bear Island) (178 km²), Svenskøya (137 km²), Wilhelmøya (120 km²) and other smaller islands or skerries (621 km²).

Svalbard lies far north of the Arctic Circle. In Longyearbyen, the midnight sun lasts from April 20 to August 26, and polar night lasts from October 26 to February 15. From November 12 to the end of January there is civil polar night, a continuous period without any twilight bright enough to permit outdoor activities in the absence of artificial light. The only other non-Inuit or research settlement that has this phenomenon is Dikson (urban-type settlement) near the mouth of the Yenisey River in Russia.

In addition to humans, four predominantly terrestrial mammalian species inhabit the archipelago: the Svalbard field mouse Microtus epiroticus, the Arctic fox, the Svalbard reindeer (a distinct sub-species), and polar bears. Since polar bears occur very commonly on Svalbard and are known to hunt humans on occasion, all people need to take precautions when outside the settlements: this includes carrying a rifle. Nevertheless, the law protects polar bears, forbidding anyone to harm or disturb them unless it is necessary to remove a considerable danger of injury to a person. Norwegian law on wild animals, §11 A large number of aquatic mammalian species also inhabit the archipelago, including whales, dolphins, pinniped and walruses.

Svalbard is also a breeding ground for large numbers of seabirds, including Brunnich's Guillemot and Black Guillemot, Puffin, Little Auk, Fulmar and Black-legged Kittiwake. Other seabirds include Arctic Tern, four species of skua, and the elusive Ivory Gull. The Svalbard Ptarmigan, found on the larger islands, is the only land bird present for the entire year. Only two songbirds migrate to Svalbard to breed: the Snow Bunting and the Northern Wheatear. For more information on the bird life to be found you can check this website. Bird Watching In Norway - Svalbard

There is an astonishing variety of flowering plants on Svalbard. Although they are very small, these plants use the short period of 24-hour daylight to produce colourful blossoms. See also: Flowers of Svalbard.

Svalbard is part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province.



Fjords There are numerous fjords among the Svalbard islands; the five longest of which (measured from the head to open sea) are listed here:

Coastlines Coastlines of the Svalbard islands (listed from largest island to smallest) show the extensive variability characteristic of glacial formation:

Mountains Although small when compared with the mountains of Norway, the elevation of the Svalbard island mountains accounts for much of the glacial erosion:

Settlements

No roads link the settlements on the island; transportation includes boat, fixed-wing aircraft, helicopter, and snowmobile. The gateway to Svalbard is through Svalbard Airport, Longyearbyen.



Climate The North Atlantic Current moderates Svalbard's Arctic climate, Geography of Norway#Climate keeping the surrounding waters open and navigable most of the year. Norwegian meteorological updates of ice maps. The average Summer temperature is around 5 degrees Celsius (°C), or 41 degrees Fahrenheit, and in winter, −12 °C (10 F). The Western coast is considerably warmer than the east, due to the North Atlantic Drift.

Due to its history of human occupation, Svalbard has one of the longest high-latitude meteorological records on earth. Global climate model have long predicted enhanced greenhouse effect warming at such latitudes, so the Svalbard record is of particular interest. RealClimate It shows an approximate 6 °C increase in 100 years; with 4 °C increase in the last 30 years.

== Economy ==

Economic activity centres on coal mining, supplemented by fishing and Trapping (Animal). In the final decades of the 20th century, tourism, research, higher education, and some high-tech enterprises like satellite relay-stations grew significantly. A 200 nautical mile (370 km) Fisheries Protection Zone around Svalbard was established in 1977 pursuant to the Act of 17 December 1976 relating to the Exclusive Economic Zone of Norway. Despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone.

The Svalbard Undersea Cable System which started operation in January 2004 provides dual 1440 km fiber optic lines from Svalbard to Harstad via Andøy, needed for communicating with polar orbiting satellite stations on Svalbard, some owned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), both United States government agencies.

The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. Coal production has increased significantly over the past 10 years, rising from less than 500,000 tons in 1994 to over 2,500,000 tons in 2004.

Exploration for oil and natural gas is underway.

Coal mining in Svalbard The Ny Ålesund mine was closed down in 1963 after an explosion in 1962 when 21 lives were lost, and has since been converted to a scientific post.

As of 2006, there are three operational coal mines in Svalbard. There are large mines in Sveagruva (production 2 million tonnes per year, Store Norske - coal company information site and Barentsburg, while the small mine in Longyearbyen is used mainly to supply the town's own power plant.

== Demographics ==

Svalbard has a population of approximately 2,400 people as of 2005. Approximately 70% of the people are Norwegians; the remaining 30% are Russian people, Ukrainians and Poles. The official language of Svalbard is Norwegian language. Russian language is used in the Russian settlements, but formerly, Russenorsk language was the lingua franca of the entire Barents Sea region.The annual population growth is -0.02%

{| class="wikitable"|+ Population of Svalbard

Education The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), established in 1993, is the world’s northernmost higher education institution. Located in Longyear at 78º N, The university offers undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate courses to approximately 350 students each year in Arctic sciences.

Svalbard in popular culture











References External links

This article is about the island in the Arctic. For the Norwegian Coast Guard vessel commissioned in 2002, see NoCGV Svalbard. {{Infobox Country|native_name = Svalbard|conventional_long_name = Svalbard|common_name = Svalbard|image_flag = Flag of Norway.svg|image_coat = Coat of arms of Norway.svg|image_map = LocationSvalbard.png|official_languages = Norwegian language|capital = Longyearbyen|leader_title1 = [Governor of Svalbard|leader_name1 = Per Sefland|currency_code = NOK|time_zone = [Central European Time (Coordinated Universal Time+1) (Central European Summer Time (Coordinated Universal Time+2))|cctld = .no (.sj allocated but not used .bv and .sj domains are not in use, Norid)] lying in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole. It consists of a island groups ranging from 76degree (angle) to 81° North, and 10° to 35° East. The archipelago is the northernmost part of the Kingdom of Norway. Three islands are populated: Spitsbergen, Bjørnøya and Hopen. The largest settlement is Longyearbyen. The Svalbard Treaty recognises Norwegian sovereignty over Svalbard. With the 1925 Svalbard Act, Norway chose to make Svalbard a part of the Kingdom, and it remains one of four List of special entities recognized by international treaty or agreement in the world today.

History Vikings and/or Russians may have discovered Svalbard as early as the 12th century. Traditional Norse accounts exist of a land known as Svalbarð - literally "cold edge". (But this land might also have been Jan Mayen, or a part of eastern Greenland.) The Netherlands Willem Barents made the first indisputable discovery of Svalbard in 1596. The islands served as an international whaling base in the 17th and 18th centuries, when the Bowhead Whale was extirpated from this region. From 1611 to 1720 whaling took place off the western coast of Spitsbergen, by Danish, Dutch, British, French and Norwegian ships. It is estimated that the Dutch alone took 60,000 whales from their base Smeerenburg. They also provided the headquarters for many Arctic exploration expeditions.

At the beginning of the 20th century, American, British, Swedish, Russian and Norwegian companies started coal mining. Norway's sovereignty was recognized by the Svalbard Treaty of 1920 with an addition that there would be limited military use of Svalbard and that the other nations retained the rights to their settlements; five years later Norway officially took over the territory. Some historians claim that Norway was given sovereignty as compensation for its Merchant Fleet losses during World War I, when the Norwegian Merchant fleet played an important role supplying the UK. Only Norwegian and Russian settlements survived World War II.

From the late 1940s to the early 1980s the geology of the Svalbard archipelago was investigated by teams from University of Cambridge and other universities (e.g., Oxford University), led by Cambridge geologist W. Brian Harland. Many of the geographical features of the isles are named after the participants in these expeditions, or were given names by them linked to places in Cambridge (see Norwegian Polar Institute).

The largest island in the archipelago is called Spitsbergen (Dutch language for "Jagged mountains"); this name was formerly used to refer to the entire archipelago, while the main island was called West Spitsbergen.

Politics Svalbard is completely controlled by the Kingdom of Norway and is part of it. The Svalbard Treaty recognizes Norway sovereignty over Svalbard. However Norway's power over Svalbard has some limitations in taxation, environmental conservation, non-discrimination and certain military activity.

Svalbard was made a part of Norway by a Norwegian act in 1925, thus Svalbard is not a Norwegian dependency. However, under the terms of the treaty, citizens of signatory states have rights to exploit mineral deposits and other natural resources "on a footing of absolute equality". As a result, a permanent Russian settlement, more or less autonomous, grew up at Barentsburg. Another Russian settlement at Pyramiden was abandoned in 2000.

According to Per Sefland, Norway's governor on the archipelago, the Svalbard Treaty of February 9, 1920 implies that "If you're able to find a job, you have the right according to the treaty to come here." Svalbard Treaty of February 9, 1920 The treaty states: "The nationals of all the high contracting parties shall have equal liberty of access and entry for any reason or object whatever to the waters, fjords and ports of the territories." Therefore, some immigrants who have been denied residence in EU countries have relocated to Svalbard.

Seed bank By the year 2007 the Norwegian government is planning on building a "doomsday" seed bank in which as many species' seeds as possible will be stored. The Norwegian government will be building this bank by hollowing out a 120-meter tunnel on Spitsbergen cut into rock with a natural temperature of - 6 degreesCelsius, refrigerating it to - 18 degrees Celsius, and then storing seeds donated by the 1,400 crop repositories maintained by countries around the world. The proposed bank will have top security blast-proof doors and would have two airlocks. The number of seeds stored will depend on the number of countries participating in the project, with the first seeds arriving in 2008. The initiative of this project is to prevent needed plants (wild, agricultural, etc.) from going extinct due to a global catastrophe such as global warming (the tunnel is 130 meters above sea-level) or nuclear war."Norway Reveals Design of Doomsday' Seed Vault"; Nature; Volume 445; 15 February 2007 BBC News Work starts on Arctic seed vault, CNN

Geography and nature Svalbard consists of a group of islands in the Arctic Ocean ranging from 76° to 81° North and 10° to 35° East, and forms the northern-most part of Norway and the Extreme points of Europe. The islands cover an area of 61,022 square kilometre, of which about 60% (36,502 km²) is covered by glacier. Web publication of Statistics Norway, the official body for such data in Norway. Units provided are metric only; no unit conversions provided here.] The percentage of Svalbard covered by glaciation varies by year; 59.8% is reported for 2005. Three large islands dominate: Spitsbergen (37,673 km² or 14,550 square miles), Nordaustlandet, (Northeast Land), (14,443 km² or 5576 square miles) and Edgeøya (Edge Island) (5074 km²or 1959 square miles)Areas used differ slightly from those published by Areas are provided in both Metric and English units. There is also the smaller Barentsøya (1,288 km²), Kvitøya (682 km²), Prins Karls Forland (English: Prince Charles Foreland) (615 km²), Kongsøya (191 km²), Bjørnøya (English: Bear Island) (178 km²), Svenskøya (137 km²), Wilhelmøya (120 km²) and other smaller islands or skerries (621 km²).

Svalbard lies far north of the Arctic Circle. In Longyearbyen, the midnight sun lasts from April 20 to August 26, and polar night lasts from October 26 to February 15. From November 12 to the end of January there is civil polar night, a continuous period without any twilight bright enough to permit outdoor activities in the absence of artificial light. The only other non-Inuit or research settlement that has this phenomenon is Dikson (urban-type settlement) near the mouth of the Yenisey River in Russia.

In addition to humans, four predominantly terrestrial mammalian species inhabit the archipelago: the Svalbard field mouse Microtus epiroticus, the Arctic fox, the Svalbard reindeer (a distinct sub-species), and polar bears. Since polar bears occur very commonly on Svalbard and are known to hunt humans on occasion, all people need to take precautions when outside the settlements: this includes carrying a rifle. Nevertheless, the law protects polar bears, forbidding anyone to harm or disturb them unless it is necessary to remove a considerable danger of injury to a person. Norwegian law on wild animals, §11 A large number of aquatic mammalian species also inhabit the archipelago, including whales, dolphins, pinniped and walruses.

Svalbard is also a breeding ground for large numbers of seabirds, including Brunnich's Guillemot and Black Guillemot, Puffin, Little Auk, Fulmar and Black-legged Kittiwake. Other seabirds include Arctic Tern, four species of skua, and the elusive Ivory Gull. The Svalbard Ptarmigan, found on the larger islands, is the only land bird present for the entire year. Only two songbirds migrate to Svalbard to breed: the Snow Bunting and the Northern Wheatear. For more information on the bird life to be found you can check this website. Bird Watching In Norway - Svalbard

There is an astonishing variety of flowering plants on Svalbard. Although they are very small, these plants use the short period of 24-hour daylight to produce colourful blossoms. See also: Flowers of Svalbard.

Svalbard is part of the High Arctic Large Igneous Province.



Fjords There are numerous fjords among the Svalbard islands; the five longest of which (measured from the head to open sea) are listed here:

Coastlines Coastlines of the Svalbard islands (listed from largest island to smallest) show the extensive variability characteristic of glacial formation:

Mountains Although small when compared with the mountains of Norway, the elevation of the Svalbard island mountains accounts for much of the glacial erosion:

Settlements

No roads link the settlements on the island; transportation includes boat, fixed-wing aircraft, helicopter, and snowmobile. The gateway to Svalbard is through Svalbard Airport, Longyearbyen.



Climate The North Atlantic Current moderates Svalbard's Arctic climate, Geography of Norway#Climate keeping the surrounding waters open and navigable most of the year. Norwegian meteorological updates of ice maps. The average Summer temperature is around 5 degrees Celsius (°C), or 41 degrees Fahrenheit, and in winter, −12 °C (10 F). The Western coast is considerably warmer than the east, due to the North Atlantic Drift.

Due to its history of human occupation, Svalbard has one of the longest high-latitude meteorological records on earth. Global climate model have long predicted enhanced greenhouse effect warming at such latitudes, so the Svalbard record is of particular interest. RealClimate It shows an approximate 6 °C increase in 100 years; with 4 °C increase in the last 30 years.

== Economy ==

Economic activity centres on coal mining, supplemented by fishing and Trapping (Animal). In the final decades of the 20th century, tourism, research, higher education, and some high-tech enterprises like satellite relay-stations grew significantly. A 200 nautical mile (370 km) Fisheries Protection Zone around Svalbard was established in 1977 pursuant to the Act of 17 December 1976 relating to the Exclusive Economic Zone of Norway. Despite recent discussions, Russia and Norway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone.

The Svalbard Undersea Cable System which started operation in January 2004 provides dual 1440 km fiber optic lines from Svalbard to Harstad via Andøy, needed for communicating with polar orbiting satellite stations on Svalbard, some owned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), both United States government agencies.

The Norwegian state-owned coal company employs nearly 60% of the Norwegian population on the island, runs many of the local services, and provides most of the local infrastructure. Coal production has increased significantly over the past 10 years, rising from less than 500,000 tons in 1994 to over 2,500,000 tons in 2004.

Exploration for oil and natural gas is underway.

Coal mining in Svalbard The Ny Ålesund mine was closed down in 1963 after an explosion in 1962 when 21 lives were lost, and has since been converted to a scientific post.

As of 2006, there are three operational coal mines in Svalbard. There are large mines in Sveagruva (production 2 million tonnes per year, Store Norske - coal company information site and Barentsburg, while the small mine in Longyearbyen is used mainly to supply the town's own power plant.

== Demographics ==

Svalbard has a population of approximately 2,400 people as of 2005. Approximately 70% of the people are Norwegians; the remaining 30% are Russian people, Ukrainians and Poles. The official language of Svalbard is Norwegian language. Russian language is used in the Russian settlements, but formerly, Russenorsk language was the lingua franca of the entire Barents Sea region.The annual population growth is -0.02%

{| class="wikitable"|+ Population of Svalbard

Education The University Centre in Svalbard (UNIS), established in 1993, is the world’s northernmost higher education institution. Located in Longyear at 78º N, The university offers undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate courses to approximately 350 students each year in Arctic sciences.

Svalbard in popular culture











References External links



Svalbard - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Svalbard is an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole. It consists of a group of islands ranging from 74 ° to 81 ...

General Info about Svalbard
These pages contains useful information and links related to Svalbard

Svalbard Reiseliv AS
Welcome to Svalbard Tourism Welcome to the official tourist board web site for visiting Longyearbyen and Svalbard. This web site presents general informaton about Svalbard, and ...

Live webcam pictures from Svalbard
From the old harbour in Longyearbyen. Camera provider: SNSK (latest picture) From Zeppelin Station, Ny-Aalesund. Camera provider: NILU (latest picture)

Svalbard - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Svalbard
Svalbard. Norwegian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean; population (1995) 2,900 (41% being Norwegian). The main island is Spitsbergen, which includes the largest town, Longyearbyen ...

Svalbard Details
Images in the image galleries kindly provided by Steve Johnston from Dundee who also kindly provided the captions for the images. Where is Svalbard

The Svalbard Pages Links
The Svalbard Pages links are a collection of links to resources in the Arctic, mainly the Arctic Archipelago Svalbard, Spitsbergen

Svalbard travel guide - Wikitravel
Open source travel guide to Svalbard, featuring up-to-date information on attractions, hotels, restaurants, nightlife, travel tips and more. Free and reliable advice written by ...

Svalbard book.html
This book is an introduction to the natural history, ecology and geography of the Svalbard archipelago in the High Arctic. Over 90 full colour photographs are fully captioned.

Svalbard Ground Station Aerospace Technology
News and project information on the Svalbard Ground Station ... Eumetsat has selected a site on Spitsbergen, a Svalbard island within the arctic circle as the site for a Command ...

 

Svalbard



 
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